Matt Yglesias brings up this graph to counter small business fetishism

His take, which is my natural take, is that the represents a failure of the evolutionary process of the market.
For example, I like to show this picture to my students

This is Lucius Lowe’s Hardware store in Wilkesboro North Carolina. He opened it in 1921 and indeed until 1949, this was the only location.
Today Lowes has roughly 1800 locations and employs about 250K people. There were thousands of little hardware stores in small towns all across America. There was only one that became an nationwide Big-Box megachain.
Their primary competitor The Home Depot was an intentional big box creation.
The point is that Lowe’s became what it is today almost certainly by chance. Perhaps the Lowe’s family was blessed with simply amazing business insight but I doubt it.
They happened to do the right things at the right time and were rewarded for it. Their company grew and expanded to become the 7th largest retailer in the world.
The fact that business owners don’t actually have to know anything about business is the fundamental strength of capitalism and it goes incredibly unappreciated.
What happens is that people start small businesses. Then by sheer dumb luck someone will be operating a business model that happens to serve the needs of millions of people.
This business will kill off the competition and grow to dominate its industry. Then all customers will enjoy the advantages of this business model. However, its crucial to realize that not a single human being anywhere in this process needs to have even the slightest clue about what he or she is doing.
The process of market selection makes it appear as if there was intelligent design but no intelligence and no design is necessary.
Indeed, the key in this entire process is the death of most businesses. Most ideas are bad ideas. There are many more ways something can go wrong than for something to go right. So what you need is a process that destroys as many bad ideas as possible, leaving the rare good idea to prosper.
This is the market process.
If you see an economy that is dominated by small business then this tells you that something is keeping them from dying. That very thing is stopping market evolution and – we should expect – is holding back economic growth.

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Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 4:48 pm
Megan McArdle
Have you spent much time working for small/growing businesses, operating one, or talking to those who fund them?
There are a lot of truly terrible small business CEOs. You look at someone running a successful small business and they don’t look that special because there are seventeen more just like him down the street. You don’t see the far larger group of folks who folded because they didn’t pay attention to their customers, their margins, or their supply chain.
I actually think it’s quite unlikely that the Lowes family just got lucky. Probably there were ten other businesses who wanted to do the same, and weren’t any more talented, but got unlucky. But there were hundreds more who wanted to do the same, and couldn’t hack it. Survivor bias works two ways.
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 5:00 pm
jazzbumpa
So the natural evolution of capitalism is for each business segment to ultimately become a near-monopoly. This is economic growth, and it is a good thing.
And Private Equity funds accelerate this process, making it an even better thing.
http://www.asymptosis.com/ows-how-wall-street-capital-destroys-capitalism.html
I’m starting to get it. Who do think will eventually own the whole world – General Electric or Cerberus?
Cheers!
JzB
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 5:24 pm
Wagster
Yes! And the same is true for economists. They stumble around blindly and by sheer dumb luck come upon some theory, which if it happens to be good is rewarded by the market. I like it! It’s sort of an economic calvinism, where free will is impossible and the market is God.
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 5:28 pm
Wonks Anonymous
The Distributed Republic imagined an economy of utter idiots in this classic:
http://distributedrepublic.net/archives/2004/12/25/what-does-the-free-market-require
I’ve heard Armen Alchian already did it though.
jazzbumpa, no from what I understand the data do not support that interpretation. There are economies of scale and diseconomies of scale. Niche industries may only support a single monopolist (in a certain sense local stores may be “monopolies” for people without the means to shop at more distant competitors), but most industries tend toward what economists would call monopolistic competition or, at worst, oligopoly.
There was a time when it was believed that capitalism was stratify itself out of existence. Burnham, Schumpeter and Galbraith all wrote on such themes, but nowadays U.S Steel and General Motors sound so last century.
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 5:45 pm
Th
Actually Lowes was the result of a visionary brother-in-law who was lucky enough to have his vision coincide with the post WWII building boom.
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 5:58 pm
Winston
Is the big box hardware store really an improvement? Having lived in towns which were only served by small hardware stores and ones that were served by big boxes, I prefer small stores since they tend to be better supplied with the things the I need and tend to not require a sea of asphalt to support them. This being said, I tend to need things like small mechanical parts and the like rather than large quantities of drywall..
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 7:30 pm
Rick Russell
Winston, I think the lesson is that small hardware stores are good at what they do (packing large variety into a small space, offering personalized service at a premium markup) and big hardware stores are good at what they do (having 50 sheets of drywall in stock for a project, selling appliances, etc).
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 7:17 pm
The Myth of Sustained Competitive Advantage « Modeled Behavior
[...] economic evolution is right up my alley, I thought I would continue the theme of Karl’s recent post on the subject explaining while a plethora of old, small businesses is a sign of market failure, [...]
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 7:28 pm
Rick Russell
Actually, Channel Lumber Company in New Jersey built the “Handy Dan” chain of hardware superstores, which went out of business in the late 80s. Two of their corporate officers went on to start The Home Depot. Near my home in Dallas, they went right into the same retail space that previously held a Handy Dan. Then eventually build their own facility across the street that became a regional HQ for Home Depot.
Tuesday ~ October 25th, 2011 at 8:39 pm
Gene Callahan
“If you see an economy that is dominated by small business then this tells you that something is keeping them from dying.”
Yes, something like concern for one’s neighbors, or a aversion to cold, impersonal corporations.
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 5:09 am
reason
“Indeed, the key in this entire process is the death of most businesses. Most ideas are bad ideas. There are many more ways something can go wrong than for something to go right. So what you need is a process that destroys as many bad ideas as possible, leaving the rare good idea to prosper.”
This is not enough. You also need a system that lets as many people as possible have a go, and provides incentives for as many people as possible to have a go. And theat means not only rewarding the successful, but not punishing the failures too hard.
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 6:56 am
Tel
Hmmm, I very much suspect that economic activity in Greece is quite healthy.
Too many people presume (strangely) that the health of the economy must be directly related to the health of the government. Sure, the Greek government can’t pay its loans… that’s primarily a problem for people owed money by the Greek government. Sure the Greek government can’t collect tax and can’t pay wages for public service workers… that’s primarily a problem for the public service workers, and they seem to be the ones with the biggest protest. Just because a lot of cash changes hands without being reported (or taxed) doesn’t imply the country is in trouble, it merely implies that the statistics are in trouble. I guess this sort of thing is “corruption in the small” to act as a counterweight to “corruption in the large.”
I hear a lot of Greek people pleading with Europe to just let their government default, and stop lending it any more money, so they can get on with their lives in peace.
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 6:58 am
Tel
Oh yes that reminds me. pleeeeese, whoever keeps lending money to the Australian government… don’t give them any more!
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 8:43 am
Small Business and Growth, Ctd « Modeled Behavior
[...] McArdle pushes back Have you spent much time working for small/growing businesses, operating one, or talking to those [...]
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 10:16 am
engineer27 (@engineer27)
Adding to @reason’s point, at some point resources locked up by large incumbents have to be freed up to be used by newcomers — most of which will fail. The danger to capitalism and the market economy is that those who were successful (smart + lucky) in the past convert their wealth to political power and use it to hang onto society’s resources.
But just because you had yesterday’s great idea is no guarantee of having the best idea today.
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 12:30 pm
Let them die [The Economist] | DreamInn
[...] SMITH puts this beautifully: The fact that business owners don’t actually have to know anything about business is [...]
Wednesday ~ October 26th, 2011 at 1:13 pm
Wednesday links: market selection | Abnormal Returns
[...] if there was intelligent design but no intelligence and no design is necessary.” (Modeled Behavior also Free [...]
Thursday ~ October 27th, 2011 at 1:12 am
Wednesday links: market selection
[...] if there was intelligent design but no intelligence and no design is necessary.” (Modeled Behavior also Free [...]
Thursday ~ October 27th, 2011 at 8:09 am
Browsing Catharsis – 10.27.11 « Increasing Marginal Utility
[...] Putting to bed the myth of the importance of small companies. The desire to subsidize small businesses is the result of an especially nasty confluence of folk economics and sample selection bias. [...]
Thursday ~ October 27th, 2011 at 8:21 pm
Club Troppo » Missing link Friday – 28 October 2011
[...] destruction: Most ideas in business are bad ideas, says Karl Smith. So "what you need is a process that destroys as many bad ideas as possible, leaving the rare [...]
Thursday ~ October 27th, 2011 at 9:28 pm
Don Arthur’s Friday Missing Link « CDU Law and Business Online
[...] destruction: Most ideas in business are bad ideas, says Karl Smith. So “what you need is a process that destroys as many bad ideas as possible, leaving the rare [...]
Friday ~ October 28th, 2011 at 5:14 pm
Andreas Moser
I ran a small business (a law firm: http://www.moser-law.com) for 7 years. I would never want it to become big. I’d rather be small and special. Better for profit margins, better for targeted marketing, better for work-life balance.
Saturday ~ October 29th, 2011 at 7:41 pm
Kazrog
I would argue the exact opposite – any time you see a market dominated by large, behemoth corporations, you know that there is something stopping innovation (often the lobbyists for these corporations.)
Large corporations (with VERY FEW exceptions) stifle innovation. They are large, unable to change or adapt quickly, and rather than evolve with the times, they seek to stop time, through legislation and anticompetitive actions (acquiring small companies only to kill them off, etc.)
By contrast, innovation almost always begins with a small startup company. Apple and Microsoft both started small, for example. Only Apple has been able to secure innovation, while Microsoft (while amazingly innovative in the 80s and early 90s) has been struggling to find any innovation for over a decade, with no sign of hope.
While there is always luck involved in life and business, attributing the meteoric rise of most companies that started small and grew big to pure dumb luck is a very half-baked premise, which indicates more of a lack of historical information collection on the part of the post author than any true insight about the business in question (Lowe’s.)
Thursday ~ November 3rd, 2011 at 2:01 am
Small Business and Economic Growth « Modeled Behavior « Economics Info
[...] Source [...]
Thursday ~ November 3rd, 2011 at 7:22 pm
সাতকাহন « Mukti
[...] Most small businesses fail, and that’s a good [...]
Friday ~ November 4th, 2011 at 9:05 am
Future Economy Blog » Small is Beautiful… Can Big Be, Too?
[...] characteristics of the growth of firms. This prompted Karl Smith at Modeled Behavior to wax positively apoplectic about this “market selection” process that weeds out the little guys and yields [...]
Sunday ~ November 6th, 2011 at 8:02 pm
Weekly bits of interest – 7 November 2011 | Public Sector Innovation Toolkit
[...] Karl Smith discusses how the market process filters ideas. “Indeed, the key in this entire process is the death of most businesses. Most ideas are bad ideas. There are many more ways something can go wrong than for something to go right. So what you need is a process that destroys as many bad ideas as possible, leaving the rare good idea to prosper…. This is the market process.”4 The public sector also needs processes for quickly filtering out and ‘destroying’ bad ideas, but the market or market-based mechanisms may only be suitable some of the time for this. [...]
Tuesday ~ November 8th, 2011 at 4:32 pm
Lucky | Zeggio
[...] Smith, a UNC economist, posted a couple of weeks ago about the ways that small businesses create economic growth. You should read the entire post [...]
Saturday ~ November 19th, 2011 at 6:09 am
My pet theory of capitalism « Shewing the fly
[...] loud, usual caveats on speculative reasoning etc. This line of thought was inspired by a Karl Smith post about a month ago, but I take a different angle [...]
Monday ~ May 6th, 2013 at 2:00 am
red bull caps
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